However, this is not a recommended method of contraception. Sperm can be released from the penis before ejaculation. Researchers are optimistic that a safe, effective and reversible method of male contraception will eventually become a reality, although this is still several years away.
In fertile men, new sperm cells are constantly created in the testicles. This process is triggered by the hormone testosterone. The goal of hormonal contraception research is to find a way of temporarily blocking the effects of testosterone so testicles stop producing healthy sperm cells. However, this needs to be achieved without lowering testosterone levels to such an extent that it triggers side effects, such as a loss of sexual desire.
One way of doing this is by giving men a synthetic version of testosterone, together with a hormone called progestogen. Progestogens are synthetic versions of a female sex hormone often found in female hormonal contraceptives, such as the progestogen-only pill.
This approach stops the testes producing testosterone which, in most cases, prevents normal sperm production. However, at the same time it keeps the amount of testosterone in the blood normal, preventing side effects.
This is a very effective approach, but some men still carry on producing enough sperm to cause a pregnancy. The reason why this happens is unknown, but it may be that some men carry on producing enough testosterone to continue to stimulate some sperm production. Research is now focusing on different combinations of synthetic testosterone and progestogens. Several trials in different countries are looking at the effectiveness and long-term safety of hormonal contraceptives for men, including some phase III trials.
Phase III trials are the last clinical trials carried out before a medicine is given a marketing licence. An important disadvantage of using synthetic testosterone is that sperm production is suppressed at different rates in men of different ethnic origins.
These differences may be due to genetic, dietary or environmental factors, but the exact reasons are unknown. Understanding the reasons may lead to new ways of providing effective contraception for all men of diverse ethnic backgrounds. Many of the non-hormonal methods of contraception currently being studied involve the vas deferens.
This means the hormone was as low as if they were castrated. A series of longer-term studies on it may be in the works in the future. Vasagel is a gel that gets injected into the vas deferens.
Unlike a vasectomy, the non-hormonal birth control is easily reversible. It can be effective for years, similar to an IUD. Indian scientists developed the male birth control method to prevent sperm from leaving during sex. Men get the shot in an outpatient facility and may need a day to recover, comparative to more invasive contraceptive options for women. A nonprofit is seeking donations to fund both gel injections. Currently, drug companies are not commenting on why they are declining to invest in this technology.
In , monthly injections of testosterone were shown to be 99 percent effective at preventing pregnancies. Men who are short on testosterone usually get this kind of therapy.
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