This is where the oil pump comes in. After the hole is dug, it is stabilized so that it won't collapse by putting a piping and pouring concrete between the pipe and the earth. At this point a pumping station called a jack pump is put in place above the hole. The pump is made up of several components. There is a lever above ground that is powered by an engine. A pulley and gear system is turned by the engine which moves a counter weight connected to the leaver.
The lever moves and is it does the counter weight swings around. When the counter weight gets to the top is helps the engine continue to move the lever through its momentum. A pole is attached to the lever.
The pole goes down into the hole. Attached to the pole is a sucker. The sucker pulls the oil out of the ground. It accomplishes this by the up and down movement of the lever creating a sucking motion.
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How does a pumpjack work? The influence of the pumpjack Pumpjacks have had a largely positive effect on the petroleum industry. What Happens Next? Fuel for Thought A new ASTM International standard will help in the design and monitoring of graphite components for molten salt design nuclear reactors. Fuel for Thought Petroleum is an incredibly complex material, with the average sample made up of more than 20, unique elements.
Digital Edition. Lubricant Properties and laboratory test techni Lubricity Challenges of Renewable Diesel Fuels. Analysis of Sulphur Compounds in Various Liquef Industrial Scientific name Burke as president. A pumpjack converts the rotary mechanism of the motor to a vertical reciprocating motion to drive the pump shaft, and is exhibited in the characteristic nodding motion. The engineering term for this type of mechanism is a walking beam. It was often employed in stationary and marine steam engine designs in the 18th and 19th centuries.
A schematic of a typical oil well being produced by a Pumpjack or Nodding Donkey. Image comes from TastyCakes. Above ground The body of the pumpjack is called a walking beam, and it acts as a giant lever. At the tail end of the pumpjack is a crank and a counterweight, which work together to move the walking beam up and down. As the walking beam moves the "head" bobs up and down as well. A long metal rod called a "bridle" extends downward from the head and penetrates deep into the ground, reaching the oil well.
As the pumpjack's head bobs up and down, the rod goes up and down as well. Bellow ground The main underground mechanism in a pumpjack contains two Valves; a standing Valve at the bottom of the rod with a traveling Valve right above it.
The area between the two Valves is called the pump barrel. When the rod moves upward, the pressure inside the pump barrel decreases, which opens the standing Valve and closes the traveling Valve.
The traveling Valve therefore moves upwards and the oil below the rod flows into the pump barrel. As the rod descends, the pressure inside the pump barrel increases, which closes the standing Valve and opens the traveling Valve. Therefore, the oil in the pump barrel flows to the area above the traveling Valve.
As the rod ascends once again and the traveling rod moves upwards, the oil above it flows up the rod as well. In this manner, oil is continuously pumped from the ground. Today, almost all oil and gas wells are drilled using rotary drilling. In rotary drilling, a length of steel pipe the drillpipe with a drill bit on the end is rotated to cut a hole called the well bore. As the well goes deeper, additional sections of drillpipe are added to the top of the rotating drill string.
Rotary drilling uses a steel tower to support the drillpipe. If the tower is part of a tractor-trailer and is jacked up as a unit, it is called a mast. If it is constructed on site, it is called a derrick. Both towers are constructed of structural steel and sit on a flat steel surface called the drill or derrick floor; this is where most of the drilling activity occurs.
Four major systems comprise an operational rotary drilling rig: the power supply, the hoisting system, the rotating system, and the circulating system. An operational rig requires a dependable power supply in order for the other rig systems to operate. Power to these systems may be supplied through one or more diesel engines used alone or in conjunction with an electrical power supply.
The hoisting system raises, lowers, and suspends equipment in the well and typically consists of a drilling or hoisting line composed of wound steel cable spooled over a revolving reel. The cable passes through a number of pulleys, including one suspended from the top of the derrick or mast. The hoisting system is used to move drillpipe into or out of the well.
The rotating system includes the turning drillpipe, the drill bit, and related equipment. It cuts the well bore, which may have an initial diameter of 20 in. The drill bit is located at the bottom end of the first drillpipe within the rotating system. The drillpipe is rotated by a rotary table located on the derrick floor. The drillpipe consists of heattreated alloy steel and may range in length from 18 to 45 ft 5 to 14 m ; drillpipe length is typically uniform at each individual drilling rig.
Before the drillpipe is fully inserted into the well bore, another section of drillpipe is added. During drilling, the circulating system pumps drilling mud or fluids into the well bore to cool the drill bit, remove rock chips, and control subsurface fluids. Typically, mud is circulated down through the hollow drillpipe. The mud exits the pipe through holes or nozzles in the drill bit, and returns to the surface through the space between the drillpipe and the well bore wall.
Drilling muds also termed fluids are used during the drilling process to transport rock chips cuttings from the bottom of the well up and out of the well bore, where the cuttings are screened and removed, and the separated mud is reused. Drilling muds also act to cool the drill bit, to stabilize the well walls during drilling, and to control formation fluids that may flow into the well. The most common drilling mud is a liquid-based mud typically composed of a base fluid such as water, diesel oil, mineral oil, or a synthetic compound , with optional additives such as weighting agents most commonly barium sulfate , bentonite clay to help remove cuttings and to form a filler cake on the well bore walls , and lignosulfates and lignites to keep the mud in a fluid state DOE c.
Water-based muds and cuttings can be readily disposed of at most onshore locations, and in many U. In contrast, oil-based muds from onshore wells have more stringent land disposal requirements and are prohibited from discharge from offshore well platforms. Synthetic-based muds use nonaqueous chemicals other than oils as their base fluid, such as internal olefins, esters, linear alpha-olefins, or linear paraffins.
While these fluids have a lower toxicity, undergo more rapid biodegradiation, and have a lower bioaccumulation potential than oil-based fluids, they are also prohibited from offshore discharge. All drilling sites include a blowout preventer. At the bottom of a well, there are two fluid pressures. Pressure on fluids in the formation tries to force the fluids to flow from the formation into the well. Pressure exerted by the weight of the drilling mud filling the well tries to force the drilling mud into the surrounding rocks.
Under normal operations, the effective weight of the drilling mud is adjusted to exert a slightly greater pressure on the bottom of the well than the effective pressure on the fluid in the rocks, causing the mud to enter the rock and cover the sides of the well and thus stabilize the well. If the pressure on the fluid in the rocks is greater than the pressure of the drilling mud, water, gas, or oil will flow out of the rock into the well.
In extreme cases, a blowout occurs where the fluids flow uncontrolled into the well and on occasion violently to the surface. A blowout preventer is a device that is used to close off a well if there is a loss of control of the fluids in the formation.
There are a variety of types of blowout preventers.
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