After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the pope served as a source of authority and continuity. Pope Gregory I c. Gregory was from an ancient senatorial family, and worked with the stern judgement and discipline typical of ancient Roman rule. Theologically, he represents the shift from the classical to the medieval outlook; his popular writings are full of dramatic miracles, potent relics, demons, angels, ghosts, and the approaching end of the world.
Gregory the Great Pope Gregory I c. The Byzantine Papacy was a period of Byzantine domination of the papacy from to , when popes required the approval of the Byzantine Emperor for episcopal consecration, and many popes were chosen from the apocrisiarii liaisons from the pope to the emperor or the inhabitants of Byzantine Greece, Byzantine Syria, or Byzantine Sicily.
Justinian I conquered the Italian peninsula in the Gothic War — and appointed the next three popes, a practice that would be continued by his successors and later be delegated to the Exarchate of Ravenna. With the exception of Pope Martin I, no pope during this period questioned the authority of the Byzantine monarch to confirm the election of the bishop of Rome before consecration could occur.
From the late-6th to the late-8th century there was a turning of the papacy to the West and an escape from subordination to the authority of the Byzantine emperors of Constantinople. This phase has sometimes incorrectly been credited to Pope Gregory I who reigned from to CE , who, like his predecessors, represented to the people of the Roman world a church that was still identified with the empire.
Unlike some of those predecessors, Gregory was compelled to face the collapse of imperial authority in northern Italy. As the leading civil official of the empire in Rome, he was compelled to take over the civil administration of the cities and negotiate for the protection of Rome itself with the Lombard invaders threatening it. Another part of this phase occurred in the 8th century, after the rise of the new religion of Islam had weakened the Byzantine Empire and the Lombards had renewed their pressure in Italy.
The popes finally sought support from the Frankish rulers of the West and received from the Frankish king Pepin The Short the first part of the Italian territories later known as the Papal States. This attack spawned the protracted civil and ecclesiastical strife in Germany and Italy known as the Investiture Controversy. At issue was who, the pope or the monarchs, had the authority to appoint invest local church officials such as bishops of cities and abbots of monasteries.
The conflict ended in , when Emperor Henry V and Pope Calixtus II agreed on the Concordat of Worms, which differentiated between the royal and spiritual powers and gave the emperors a limited role in selecting bishops. Search term:. Read more. This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets CSS enabled. While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets CSS if you are able to do so.
This page has been archived and is no longer updated. In early Christianity the title of Pope was applied to all bishops, bishops being elected members of the clergy who are entrusted with a position of authority. It is thus believed that the papacy spans from the appointment of Saint Peter, with the next Pope being a successor of Peter, head of the bishops as Saint Peter was head of the apostles. Especially when some Christians believe it to be the place where Saint Peter was martyred under the reign of Emperor Nero, although there is no hard evidence to support this.
The rise to Christianity occurred during the Roman Empire 27 BC — AD , although its development was a long time in the making, and even after the conversion of many neighbouring nations the rulers of Rome persecuted and killed many practicing Christians. From then the papacy has continued in some form or another, facing different threats over time. During the Renaissance it was trying to balance the fragile position of power with the government.
The doctrine is a document outlining the respect and authority due to the Pope from other bishops and their area of jurisdiction. In modern times, the position of the Pope is still one of great prestige and authority, with each Pope ruling over the ecclesiastical state of the Vatican City, named the home of the Catholic Church.
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